[英文釋義] A practice whereby tokens representing money,toys,candy,etc.,are given as secondary reinforcers contingent upon certain desired behaviors or performances.
token n. 象征,記號,標(biāo)記;表示物,證物;紀(jì)念品;代幣,代價(jià)券;【語言學(xué)】語言符號;【英史】私鑄貨幣;【圣經(jīng)】前兆;暗號。 adj. 作為標(biāo)志的;象征性的。 a token of love 愛的象征。 as a token of=in token of. by (the same) token 據(jù)此看來;而且,還有;更加,越發(fā)。 by this [that] token 照這個(gè)[那個(gè)]看來。 in token of 作為…的標(biāo)志〔表示,證物,象征,紀(jì)念品〕。 more by token 〔古語〕 = by the same token . reduce ... down to token contingents 把…裁減[縮減]到象征性的限額。
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the delaware psychologist claims 這位特拉華心理學(xué)家聲稱,在低年級運(yùn)用這種所謂的象征性獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制,即讓學(xué)生動(dòng)腦筋解決問題,并根據(jù)其表現(xiàn)給予有價(jià)值的獎(jiǎng)賞所需要的分值,有望提高學(xué)生的干勁和創(chuàng)造力。